A GBI Platinum (DA) rated tropical house planned for the site and conceptualized along the lines of a tree
The S11 house is located in an established older suburb of Petaling Jaya. The existing old house on the site was built in the early 1960’s and had become dilapidated and run-down over the years. A new green tropical house was planned for the site and conceptualized along the lines of a tree. The large tree canopy would cover and shelter the living spaces underneath it. The S11 House was designed to achieve the highest level Platinum rating of Malaysia’s Green Building Index (GBI).
There were five significant existing trees on the site. Three very old and sculptural frangipanis, a large star-fruit and a coconut palm tree. All these were retained and the new house was set in the midst of them. Much of the demolished old house materials were re-used. Old crushed concrete roof tiles for gravel fill, old clay bricks were cleaned and re-used for feature walls, roofing timbers were used for formwork strutting and propping, old steel were all sold off to steel yards, crushed concrete and cement aprons were re-used for backfilling aggregate.
The S11 house has a clear north-south orientation for all its openings and windows. The east and west walls were deliberately void of any significant glazed openings and were constructed of better insulated aerated light weight concrete blocks. In addition they were coated in heat reflecting paint in camouflage motif and also shaded by a wire netting screen wall of fruit and vegetable climbers. These would help to reduce much of the heat gain through the east and west walls. The large tree-like canopy roof is constructed of lightweight recyclable profiled steel metal sheets coated in a light off-white colour to minimize heat absorption. The roof insulation comprises 200mm thick 50kg/m3 rockwool and two layers of heat reflective foil. A 200mm thick ventilated air space is left between the metal ceiling lining and the rockwool to further improve heat insulation. The overall roof U value is an impressive 0.14. The glazing comprises 9.38mm thick low-E safety laminated glass with a 90% openable area. The overall building envelope OTTV is 29.63.
A specially designed wind turbine combined with a steel framed glazed pyramid provides the house with “stack effect” ventilation and light pipes. These 15 numbers of turbines are driven both by wind as well as convection when the air within the glass pyramids heat up as a result of the greenhouse effect. A 3 degree differential is enough to spin the turbines by convection. The large canopy roof is pitched at 5 degrees to facilitate self cleaning of roofing material and solar panels. A 5 KW peak photovoltaic installation is mounted unto the large canopy roof and the generated electricity is sold back into the national electric grid. The solar hot water heaters are also located on the large roof area.
Rainwater collected on the canopy roof drains directly into the series of rainwater harvesting tanks. These are aligned in series for sedimentation control and the water from the last tank is used for all the toilet flushing, gardening and car washing requirements. All the tap fittings and sanitary wares have water saving and reduction valves.
The majority of the house has bare natural finishes – raw off-form concrete walls and ceilings, cement plastered walls without paint and natural fair-faced common red clay brickwork. Stonework for bathrooms, driveway and Ground Floor living areas all come from project rejects. The timber flooring and upper decks are all Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified whilst the ground floor decking timbers are old recycled chengal collected over many years. Limited surfaces are painted with Low VOC paints. All internal joinery work has low VOC content and also water based glues. The 1m X 1m modular book shelves are all made from recycled waste plywood off-cuts with low VOC coatings and water based glues. The modules are stackable and can be relocated with ease in the boot of a car.
The double volume Family room is located on the first floor and the 7m high full sliding glass walls facilitate maximum cross ventilation whilst also opening up the entire internal living space unto the outdoor deck. Lighting for the house are predominantly energy saving T5 tubes, LEDs and compact fluorescents. The house has full home office capability with Cat5 fibre-optics and broadband connections.
The swimming pool and koi pond are located at the two extreme north-south ends and provide evaporative cooling for the house. Blackwater is treated in the onsite sewerage treatment plant and the recycled water is used for garden irrigation. A composting yard treats all the household organic and garden wastes and provides high grade compost fertilizer for the vegetable and fruit gardens. All new trees and plants are tropical natives that are generally maintenance free and suitable for the Malaysian climate.
S11 house is Malaysia’s first GBI Platinum (DA) rated building.
Total site area
1,240 sq m (13, 347 sq ft)
Total built up area
1,100 sq m (11,840 sq ft)
Total cost of works
approximately RM2.1m
Owners
Dr. Tan Loke Mun & Chew May-Ann
Architect
Ar. Dr. Tan Loke Mun
of ArchiCentre Sdn Bhd
GBI Facilitator
Greenscapes Sdn Bhd
Interior Designer
ArchiCentre Sdn Bhd
Civil & Structural
Jurutera Perunding TSSC Lim
Landscape
Ar. Dr. Tan Loke Mun
of ArchiCentre Sdn Bhd
Contractor
Atlantic Builders Sdn Bhd
Photo Credits
Lin Ho
S11 House has been awarded the Platinum (CVA) Green Building Index certification
• Top 10 Green Building of the Decade 2019 •, Malaysia Green Building Council
Shortlisted • World Architecture Festival Awards 2013 • House Category
Winner • ASEAN Energy Awards 2013 • Energy Management for Buildings and Industries Awards • Tropical Building Category
Excellence Award • Asia Pacific Interior Design Awards for Elite APDC Awards 2011 • Residential Unit Category
Sustainable Design Award • Asia Pacific Interior Design Awards for Elite APDC Awards 2011 • Residential Unit Category
Futurarc Green Leadership Award 2012 • Residential Architecture • Individual House Category
Gold Medalist • The Edge-PAM • My Dream Home Awards
Gold Medalist • The Edge-PAM My Dream Home Awards • Green Home Award
Winner • PAM Architectural Steel Awards 2011 • Colourbond Award
Mention Award • PAM Architectural Steel Awards 2011 • Single Residential Award
Silver Medal • PAM Award for Architectural Excellence • Single Residential Category
Natural affinity - eco-friendly home by Dr Tan Loke Mun, New Home, Trends Volume 2713 
Green Living, Unreserved - The Malaysian Reserve News, 17 April 2014 
Green Building Energy-Saving, Property Weekly, NanYangSiangPau, 28 February 2014 
Jalinan Ilham Konkrit & Terracotta, Interior, Impiana, September 2013 - 14th Anniversary Issue 
Green Green Grass of Home, Dwellings, Dwell Asia, May/June 2013 
Platinum in Green, Life&Times - Green, News Straits Times, 26 January 2013 Saturday 
S11 House, Archdaily, 2 January 2012 
S11 House, Inhabitat, 11 Jan 2013 
S11 House, Hot News - Lifestyle, Jessica, March 2013 
Green by Design, Projects, Ideas Asia 2012 
FEED-IN TARIFF READINGS
BILLING DATE
01/05/2025
01/04/2025
01/03/2025
01/02/2025
01/01/2025
01/12/2024
01/11/2024
01/10/2024
01/09/2024
01/08/2024
01/02/2023
01/01/2023
01/12/2022
01/11/2022
01/10/2022
01/09/2022
01/08/2022
01/07/2022
01/06/2022
01/05/2022
01/04/2022
01/03/2022
01/02/2022
01/01/2022
01/12/2021
01/11/2021
01/10/2021
01/09/2021
01/08/2021
01/07/2021
01/06/2021
01/05/2021
01/04/2021
01/03/2021
01/02/2021
01/01/2021
01/12/2020
01/11/2020
01/10/2020
01/09/2020
01/08/2020
01/07/2020
01/06/2020
01/05/2020
05/04/2020
06/03/2020
05/02/2020
06/01/2020
06/12/2019
06/11/2019
06/10/2019
05/09/2019
05/08/2019
05/07/2019
04/06/2019
07/05/2019
06/04/2019
08/03/2019
07/02/2019
07/01/2019
07/12/2018
07/11/2018
05/09/2018
06/08/2018
07/07/2018
06/06/2018
05/05/2018
06/04/2018
07/03/2018
07/02/2018
06/01/2018
06/12/2017
06/11/2017
07/10/2017
09/09/2017
07/08/2017
07/07/2017
07/06/2017
05/05/2017
07/04/2017
08/03/2017
06/02/2017
06/01/2017
07/12/2016
07/11/2016
05/10/2016
05/09/2016
05/08/2016
04/07/2016
06/06/2016
06/05/2016
05/04/2016
05/03/2016
04/02/2016
04/01/2016
04/12/2015
04/11/2015
04/10/2015
04/09/2015
04/08/2015
04/07/2015
05/06/2015
07/05/2015
06/04/2015
06/03/2015
05/02/2015
04/01/2015
04/12/2014 02/11/2014 02/10/2014 02/09/2014 02/07/2014 31/07/2014 29/06/2014 02/06/2014 29/04/2014 02/04/2014
04/12/2013
31/10/2013
01/10/2013
01/09/2013
01/08/2013
01/07/2013
03/06/2013
02/05/2013
01/04/2013
01/03/2013
04/02/2013
02/01/2013
03/12/2012
01/11/2012
01/10/2012
04/09/2012
01/08/2012
01/07/2012
(KWH)
1162
1040
1785
1078
1050
1150
1093
1171
1195
1105
979
1246
1073
1100
1038
1247
1505
1600
1120
1269
1169
1169
1091
1139
1234
1195
1407
1512
1742
1715
1706
1840
1753
1796
1606
1585
1727
1740
1779
1531
1634
1609
1526
1722
1414
1620
2074
1908
1944
1917
1987
1985
2166
1916
1743
2096
2042
2088
2149
2087
2006
2195
2139
2135
2431
2213
1846
1796
1934
2198
1972
1909
1836
1633
1972
2075
1972
2007
1810
1961
1980
2410
1971
2233
2590
2298
2132
2147
2107
2337
2420
2520
2107
2379
2169
2081
2215
2135
2301
2396
1898
2227
2334
2292
1619
1916
1618
3504
2000
1628
1886
2196
2220
2196
1923
1771
2129
2302
1843
2258
1414
1785
2125
1917
2232
2196
1923
1771
2129
1735
1801
2000
2204
2434
2421
AMOUNT (RM)
33.79
27.10
29.70
29.20
27.66
33.13
30.01
34.29
35.60
30.67
0.00
5.48
1.64
2.24
0.86
5.5
11.23
13.33
2.68
5.99
3.77
3.77
2.03
3.10
5.21
4.34
9.05
89.93
542.27
497.14
519.77
579.74
478.00
445.84
301.51
412.03
554.30
564.41
521.08
366.37
402.88
206.57
425.28
507.32
389.46
409.57
1065.95
971.17
991.72
976.31
1016.28
1015.14
1118.49
975.74
876.95
1078.52
1047.68
1073.95
1108.78
1073.38
1027.13
1127.20
1103.07
1100.79
1269.80
1137.47
935.77
907.22
986.01
1128.91
1007.71
971.74
930.06
814.14
1007.71
1066.53
1007.71
1015.87
915.21
1001.43
1012.28
1257.81
1007.14
1122.80
1309.39
1158.93
1066.66
1063.18
1052.77
1176.63
1226.74
1278.34
1052.77
1195.68
1072.93
1023.13
1092.65
1052.75
1139.82
1195.91
922.75
1103.21
1161.89
1134.98
928.00
978.56
818.47
1765.96
943.92
824.27
973.95
1153.79
1167.71
1153.79
979.73
892.94
1097.36
961.98
766.11
957.03
569.40
739.51
895.42
800.40
944.67
944.67
847.38
571.91
861.48
569.85
569.40
543.71
838.10
749.27
257.95
BILLING DATE
01/05/2025
01/04/2025
01/03/2025
01/02/2025
01/01/2025
01/12/2024
01/11/2024
01/10/2024
01/09/2024
01/08/2024
01/02/2023
01/01/2023
01/12/2022
01/11/2022
01/10/2022
01/09/2022
01/08/2022
01/07/2022
01/06/2022
01/05/2022
01/04/2022
01/03/2022
01/02/2022
01/01/2022
01/12/2021
01/11/2021
01/10/2021
01/09/2021
01/08/2021
01/07/2021
01/06/2021
01/05/2021
01/04/2021
01/03/2021
01/02/2021
01/01/2021
01/12/2020
01/11/2020
01/10/2020
01/09/2020
01/08/2020
01/07/2020
01/06/2020
01/05/2020
01/04/2020
02/03/2020
03/02/2020
02/01/2020
02/12/2019
04/11/2019
01/10/2019
04/09/2019
05/08/2019
04/07/2019
05/06/2019
08/05/2019
08/04/2019
13/03/2019
14/02/2019
15/01/2019
14/12/2018
12/11/2018
08/10/2018
06/09/2018
07/08/2018
07/07/2018
06/06/2018
05/05/2018
06/04/2018
08/03/2018
07/02/2018
06/01/2018
06/12/2017
07/11/2017
09/10/2017
12/09/2017
07/08/2017
07/07/2017
08/06/2017
05/05/2017
07/04/2017
08/03/2017
06/02/2017
07/01/2017
07/12/2016
08/11/2016
13/10/2016
17/09/2016
11/08/2016
29/06/2016
08/06/2016
06/04/2016
05/03/2016
04/02/2016
06/01/2016
01/12/2015 01/11/2015 01/10/2015 01/09/2015 01/08/2015 01/07/2015 23/06/2015 01/05/2015 03/04/2015 04/03/2015 04/02/2015 05/01/2015
01/12/2014
09/11/2014
08/10/2014
07/09/2014
08/08/2014
10/07/2014
10/06/2014
11/05/2014
09/04/2014
10/03/2014
10/02/2014
15/01/2014
–
20/11/2013
10/10/2013
10/09/2013
–
07/07/2013
07/06/2013
03/05/2013
05/04/2013
07/03/2013
06/02/2013
06/01/2013
07/12/2012
08/11/2012
06/10/2012
30/09/2012
06/08/2012
06/07/2012
(KWH)
124
113
115
110
104
98
111
140
138
147
119
143
133
110
127
107
122
137
142
160
130
195
139
133
148
159
179
164
191
184
177
176
160
164
165
146
173
180
208
209
238
218
203
228
219
231
219
223
190
214
190
229
227
213
348
416
433
452
425
409
307
405
368
452
417
409
397
396
425
385
366
343
347
393
361
425
417
421
461
354
423
412
373
346
340
458
451
418
429
465
253
487
414
491
362
330
387
460
387
442
109
713
374
427
346
426
272
212
484
482
448
454
494
426
476
484
485
339
713
–
714
366
149
–
511
511
612
446
442
396
422
403
380
450
300
451
500
AMOUNT (RM)
181.04
164.98
167.90
160.60
151.84
143.08
162.06
204.40
201.48
214.62
173.74
208.78
194.18
160.60
185.42
156.22
178.12
200.02
207.32
233.60
189.80
284.70
202.94
194.18
216.08
232.14
261.34
239.44
278.86
268.64
258.42
256.96
233.60
239.44
270.10
213.16
252.58
262.80
303.68
305.14
347.48
318.28
296.38
332.88
319.74
337.26
319.74
325.58
277.40
312.44
277.40
334.34
331.42
310.98
508.08
607.36
632.18
659.92
620.50
597.14
448.22
591.30
537.28
659.92
608.82
597.14
579.62
578.16
620.50
562.10
534.36
500.78
506.62
573.78
527.06
620.50
608.82
614.66
673.06
516.84
617.58
601.52
544.58
505.16
496.40
668.68
658.46
610.28
626.34
678.90
369.52
711.02
604.44
716.86
528.52
481.80
565.02
671.60
565.02
645.32
159.14
1040.98
546.04
623.42
505.16
621.96
397.12
309.52
706.64
703.72
654.84
662.84
721.24
621.96
694.96
706.64
708.10
494.94
701.64
–
1042.44
534.36
217.54
–
745.06
745.06
893.52
651.16
645.32
578.16
616.12
588.38
554.80
657.01
569.40
658.46
730.00
RAINWATER HARVESTING QUALITY
Study by Janet Leong
Postgraduate at Monash University Sunway
Dated 30 January 2015
Number of samples
Average of E. coli (CFU/ 100mL)
StdDev of E. coli (CFU/ 100mL)
Average of Total coliforms (CFU/ 100mL)
StdDev of Total coliforms (CFU/ 100mL)
Average of pH
StdDev of pH
Average of BOD5 (mg/L)
StdDev of BOD5 (mg/L)2
Average of COD (mg/L)
StdDev of COD (mg/L)
Average of TSS (mg/L)
StdDev of TSS (mg/L)
Average of PO4-P (mg/L)
StdDev of PO4-P (mg/L)2
Average of TDS (mg/L)
StdDev of TDS (mg/L)
Average of NH3-N (mg/L)
StdDev of NH3-N (mg/L)
Average of Colour (Pt-Co)
StdDev of Colour (Pt-Co)
Average of Turbidity (NTU)
StdDev of Turbidity (NTU)
3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.035
0.06
0.44
0.44
0.00
0.00
2.00
2.65
0.18
0.15
164.33
282.90
0.11
0.09
5.00
5.29
1.18
0.61
Standard Data
| Parameter | Units | Malaysian standards | Singaporean standard | |||
| Class IIB | Class IV | Std A | Std B | PUB | ||
| E.coli | CFU/100mL | – | – | – | – | 0 |
| Total coliforms | CFU/100mL | 500 | 50000 | – | – | 10 |
| pH | – | 6.0-9.0 | 5.0-9.0 | 6.0-9.0 | 5.5-9.0 | 6.0-9.0 |
| BOD5 | mg/L | 3 | 12 | 20 | 50 | 5 |
| COD | mg/L | 25 | 100 | 50 | 100 | – |
| Colour | Pt-Co | 150 | – | – | – | 15 |
| Turbidity | NTU | 50 | – | – | – | 2 |
| NH3-N | mg/L | 0.3 | 2.7 | – | – | – |
| NO3-N | mg/L | 7 | 5 | – | – | – |
| TN | mg/L | – | – | – | – | – |
| PO4-P | mg/L | 0.612903 | – | – | – | – |
| TSS (spectrophoto) | mg/L | 50 | 300 | 50 | 100 | – |
| TDS | mg/L | – | 4000 | – | – | – |
FEED-IN TARIFF READINGS
BILLING DATE
01/05/2025
01/04/2025
01/03/2025
01/02/2025
01/01/2025
01/12/2024
01/11/2024
01/10/2024
01/09/2024
01/08/2024
01/02/2023
01/01/2023
01/12/2022
01/11/2022
01/10/2022
01/09/2022
01/08/2022
01/07/2022
01/06/2022
01/05/2022
01/04/2022
01/03/2022
01/02/2022
01/01/2022
01/12/2021
01/11/2021
01/10/2021
01/09/2021
01/08/2021
01/07/2021
01/06/2021
01/05/2021
01/04/2021
01/03/2021
01/02/2021
01/01/2021
01/12/2020
01/11/2020
01/10/2020
01/09/2020
01/08/2020
01/07/2020
01/06/2020
01/05/2020
05/04/2020
06/03/2020
05/02/2020
06/01/2020
06/12/2019
06/11/2019
06/10/2019
05/09/2019
05/08/2019
05/07/2019
04/06/2019
07/05/2019
06/04/2019
08/03/2019
07/02/2019
07/01/2019
07/12/2018
07/11/2018
05/09/2018
06/08/2018
07/07/2018
06/06/2018
05/05/2018
06/04/2018
07/03/2018
07/02/2018
06/01/2018
06/12/2017
06/11/2017
07/10/2017
09/09/2017
07/08/2017
07/07/2017
07/06/2017
05/05/2017
07/04/2017
08/03/2017
06/02/2017
06/01/2017
07/12/2016
07/11/2016
05/10/2016
05/09/2016
05/08/2016
04/07/2016
06/06/2016
06/05/2016
05/04/2016
05/03/2016
04/02/2016
04/01/2016
04/12/2015
04/11/2015
04/10/2015
04/09/2015
04/08/2015
04/07/2015
05/06/2015
07/05/2015
06/04/2015
06/03/2015
05/02/2015
04/01/2015
04/12/2014 02/11/2014 02/10/2014 02/09/2014 02/07/2014 31/07/2014 29/06/2014 02/06/2014 29/04/2014 02/04/2014
04/12/2013
31/10/2013
01/10/2013
01/09/2013
01/08/2013
01/07/2013
03/06/2013
02/05/2013
01/04/2013
01/03/2013
04/02/2013
02/01/2013
03/12/2012
01/11/2012
01/10/2012
04/09/2012
01/08/2012
01/07/2012
(KWH)
1162
1040
1785
1078
1050
1150
1093
1171
1195
1105
979
1246
1073
1100
1038
1247
1505
1600
1120
1269
1169
1169
1091
1139
1234
1195
1407
1512
1742
1715
1706
1840
1753
1796
1606
1585
1727
1740
1779
1531
1634
1609
1526
1722
1414
1620
2074
1908
1944
1917
1987
1985
2166
1916
1743
2096
2042
2088
2149
2087
2006
2195
2139
2135
2431
2213
1846
1796
1934
2198
1972
1909
1836
1633
1972
2075
1972
2007
1810
1961
1980
2410
1971
2233
2590
2298
2132
2147
2107
2337
2420
2520
2107
2379
2169
2081
2215
2135
2301
2396
1898
2227
2334
2292
1619
1916
1618
3504
2000
1628
1886
2196
2220
2196
1923
1771
2129
2302
1843
2258
1414
1785
2125
1917
2232
2196
1923
1771
2129
1735
1801
2000
2204
2434
2421
AMOUNT (RM)
33.79
27.10
29.70
29.20
27.66
33.13
30.01
34.29
35.60
30.67
0.00
5.48
1.64
2.24
0.86
5.5
11.23
13.33
2.68
5.99
3.77
3.77
2.03
3.10
5.21
4.34
9.05
89.93
542.27
497.14
519.77
579.74
478.00
445.84
301.51
412.03
554.30
564.41
521.08
366.37
402.88
206.57
425.28
507.32
389.46
409.57
1065.95
971.17
991.72
976.31
1016.28
1015.14
1118.49
975.74
876.95
1078.52
1047.68
1073.95
1108.78
1073.38
1027.13
1127.20
1103.07
1100.79
1269.80
1137.47
935.77
907.22
986.01
1128.91
1007.71
971.74
930.06
814.14
1007.71
1066.53
1007.71
1015.87
915.21
1001.43
1012.28
1257.81
1007.14
1122.80
1309.39
1158.93
1066.66
1063.18
1052.77
1176.63
1226.74
1278.34
1052.77
1195.68
1072.93
1023.13
1092.65
1052.75
1139.82
1195.91
922.75
1103.21
1161.89
1134.98
928.00
978.56
818.47
1765.96
943.92
824.27
973.95
1153.79
1167.71
1153.79
979.73
892.94
1097.36
961.98
766.11
957.03
569.40
739.51
895.42
800.40
944.67
944.67
847.38
571.91
861.48
569.85
569.40
543.71
838.10
749.27
257.95
BILLING DATE
01/05/2025
01/04/2025
01/03/2025
01/02/2025
01/01/2025
01/12/2024
01/11/2024
01/10/2024
01/09/2024
01/08/2024
01/02/2023
01/01/2023
01/12/2022
01/11/2022
01/10/2022
01/09/2022
01/08/2022
01/07/2022
01/06/2022
01/05/2022
01/04/2022
01/03/2022
01/02/2022
01/01/2022
01/12/2021
01/11/2021
01/10/2021
01/09/2021
01/08/2021
01/07/2021
01/06/2021
01/05/2021
01/04/2021
01/03/2021
01/02/2021
01/01/2021
01/12/2020
01/11/2020
01/10/2020
01/09/2020
01/08/2020
01/07/2020
01/06/2020
01/05/2020
01/04/2020
02/03/2020
03/02/2020
02/01/2020
02/12/2019
04/11/2019
01/10/2019
04/09/2019
05/08/2019
04/07/2019
05/06/2019
08/05/2019
08/04/2019
13/03/2019
14/02/2019
15/01/2019
14/12/2018
12/11/2018
08/10/2018
06/09/2018
07/08/2018
07/07/2018
06/06/2018
05/05/2018
06/04/2018
08/03/2018
07/02/2018
06/01/2018
06/12/2017
07/11/2017
09/10/2017
12/09/2017
07/08/2017
07/07/2017
08/06/2017
05/05/2017
07/04/2017
08/03/2017
06/02/2017
07/01/2017
07/12/2016
08/11/2016
13/10/2016
17/09/2016
11/08/2016
29/06/2016
08/06/2016
06/04/2016
05/03/2016
04/02/2016
06/01/2016
01/12/2015 01/11/2015 01/10/2015 01/09/2015 01/08/2015 01/07/2015 23/06/2015 01/05/2015 03/04/2015 04/03/2015 04/02/2015 05/01/2015
01/12/2014
09/11/2014
08/10/2014
07/09/2014
08/08/2014
10/07/2014
10/06/2014
11/05/2014
09/04/2014
10/03/2014
10/02/2014
15/01/2014
–
20/11/2013
10/10/2013
10/09/2013
–
07/07/2013
07/06/2013
03/05/2013
05/04/2013
07/03/2013
06/02/2013
06/01/2013
07/12/2012
08/11/2012
06/10/2012
30/09/2012
06/08/2012
06/07/2012
(KWH)
124
113
115
110
104
98
111
140
138
147
119
143
133
110
127
107
122
137
142
160
130
195
139
133
148
159
179
164
191
184
177
176
160
164
165
146
173
180
208
209
238
218
203
228
219
231
219
223
190
214
190
229
227
213
348
416
433
452
425
409
307
405
368
452
417
409
397
396
425
385
366
343
347
393
361
425
417
421
461
354
423
412
373
346
340
458
451
418
429
465
253
487
414
491
362
330
387
460
387
442
109
713
374
427
346
426
272
212
484
482
448
454
494
426
476
484
485
339
713
–
714
366
149
–
511
511
612
446
442
396
422
403
380
450
300
451
500
AMOUNT (RM)
181.04
164.98
167.90
160.60
151.84
143.08
162.06
204.40
201.48
214.62
173.74
208.78
194.18
160.60
185.42
156.22
178.12
200.02
207.32
233.60
189.80
284.70
202.94
194.18
216.08
232.14
261.34
239.44
278.86
268.64
258.42
256.96
233.60
239.44
270.10
213.16
252.58
262.80
303.68
305.14
347.48
318.28
296.38
332.88
319.74
337.26
319.74
325.58
277.40
312.44
277.40
334.34
331.42
310.98
508.08
607.36
632.18
659.92
620.50
597.14
448.22
591.30
537.28
659.92
608.82
597.14
579.62
578.16
620.50
562.10
534.36
500.78
506.62
573.78
527.06
620.50
608.82
614.66
673.06
516.84
617.58
601.52
544.58
505.16
496.40
668.68
658.46
610.28
626.34
678.90
369.52
711.02
604.44
716.86
528.52
481.80
565.02
671.60
565.02
645.32
159.14
1040.98
546.04
623.42
505.16
621.96
397.12
309.52
706.64
703.72
654.84
662.84
721.24
621.96
694.96
706.64
708.10
494.94
701.64
–
1042.44
534.36
217.54
–
745.06
745.06
893.52
651.16
645.32
578.16
616.12
588.38
554.80
657.01
569.40
658.46
730.00
RAINWATER HARVESTING QUALITY
Study by Janet Leong
Postgraduate at Monash University Sunway
Dated 30 January 2015
Number of samples
Average of E. coli (CFU/ 100mL)
StdDev of E. coli (CFU/ 100mL)
Average of Total coliforms (CFU/ 100mL)
StdDev of Total coliforms (CFU/ 100mL)
Average of pH
StdDev of pH
Average of BOD5 (mg/L)
StdDev of BOD5 (mg/L)2
Average of COD (mg/L)
StdDev of COD (mg/L)
Average of TSS (mg/L)
StdDev of TSS (mg/L)
Average of PO4-P (mg/L)
StdDev of PO4-P (mg/L)2
Average of TDS (mg/L)
StdDev of TDS (mg/L)
Average of NH3-N (mg/L)
StdDev of NH3-N (mg/L)
Average of Colour (Pt-Co)
StdDev of Colour (Pt-Co)
Average of Turbidity (NTU)
StdDev of Turbidity (NTU)
3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.035
0.06
0.44
0.44
0.00
0.00
2.00
2.65
0.18
0.15
164.33
282.90
0.11
0.09
5.00
5.29
1.18
0.61
Standard Data
| Parameter | Units | Malaysian standards | Singaporean standard | |||
| Class IIB | Class IV | Std A | Std B | PUB | ||
| E.coli | CFU/100mL | – | – | – | – | 0 |
| Total coliforms | CFU/100mL | 500 | 50000 | – | – | 10 |
| pH | – | 6.0-9.0 | 5.0-9.0 | 6.0-9.0 | 5.5-9.0 | 6.0-9.0 |
| BOD5 | mg/L | 3 | 12 | 20 | 50 | 5 |
| COD | mg/L | 25 | 100 | 50 | 100 | – |
| Colour | Pt-Co | 150 | – | – | – | 15 |
| Turbidity | NTU | 50 | – | – | – | 2 |
| NH3-N | mg/L | 0.3 | 2.7 | – | – | – |
| NO3-N | mg/L | 7 | 5 | – | – | – |
| TN | mg/L | – | – | – | – | – |
| PO4-P | mg/L | 0.612903 | – | – | – | – |
| TSS (spectrophoto) | mg/L | 50 | 300 | 50 | 100 | – |
| TDS | mg/L | – | 4000 | – | – | – |
